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Kohen (, ; , ، Arabic كاهن | Kahen) is the Hebrew word for "priest", used in reference to the Aaronic priesthood, also called Aaronites or Aaronides. They are traditionally believed, and halakha required, to be of direct Patrilineality from the biblical Aaron (also Aharon), brother of Moses, and thus belong to the Tribe of Levi.
During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem (and previously the Tabernacle), kohanim performed the Temple korban, which were only permitted to be offered by them. Following its destruction, it seems that most of them joined the Synagogal Jewish movement before adopting gradually Rabbinic Judaism, other types of Judaism, Christianity or Islam. Today, kohanim retain a lesser though distinct status within Rabbinic Judaism and Karaite Judaism, including certain honors and restrictions.
In the Samaritans community, the kohanim have remained the primary religious leaders. Beta Israel religious leaders are called kahen, and do similar works to the kohanim.
The noun kohen is used in the Hebrew Bible to refer to , whether Jewish or pagan (such as the kohanim of Baal or Dagon),Verses that use the term to refer to non-Aaronides include: , , , ; , ,; ; ; , ; , ; , ; , ; ; , , although Christian priests are referred to in modern Hebrew by the term komer (כומר). מילון מורפיקס: פירוש כומר בעברית Kohanim can also refer to the Jewish nation as a whole, as in , where the whole of Israel is addressed as a "priestly kingdom (or: kingdom of priests) and a holy nation".
In Targum Yonatan, interpretive translations of the word kohen include "friend", "master", and "servant". Other interpretations include "minister" (Mechilta to Yitro, Exodus 18:1–20:23).
The non-Jewish priest Melchitzedek, however, is described as worshipping the same God as Abraham. Later Jewish sources even discuss the possibility that Melchitzedek's family could have served as priests for the future Jewish nation, though in the end this did not happen.Leviticus Rabbah 25:6; Babylonian Talmud, Nedarim 32b
Jewish priests are first mentioned in . Here God offered the entire Jewish people the opportunity to become a symbolic "kingdom of priests and a holy nation". More practically, though, in this chapter "the priests who approach the Lord" were warned to stay away from Mount Sinai during the revelation of the Ten Commandments.; see also where "the Israelite youths" offered sacrifices after this revelation. The identity of these priests is not specified. According to many later Jewish sources, the firstborn son in each family served as priests, starting in the period of the patriarchs. Selection of the Priests and Levites
Nevertheless, shortly after the Sinai revelation, Aaron and his sons were chosen to be the priests., ; ; etc. The exclusive possession of the priesthood by Aaron's descendants was known as the priestly covenant. Many commentators assert that the firstborns lost their status due to their participation in the golden calf sin. A number of reasons have been suggested for why Aaron and his descendants were chosen instead: הכהונה לאהרון ולא למשה–מדוע?
Moses, too, performed sacrificial services before the completion of Aaron's consecration,, ; and arguably is once called a "priest" in the Bible, but his descendants were not priests.
Since Aaron was a descendant of the Tribe of Levi, priests are sometimes included in the term , by direct patrilineal descent. However, not all Levites are priests.
During the 40 years of wandering in the wilderness and until the Holy Temple was built in Jerusalem, the priests performed their priestly service in the portable Tabernacle., , ,
The kohanim were not granted any ancestral land to own. Instead, they were compensated for their service to the nation and in the Temple through the twenty-four kohanic gifts. Most of these gifts are related to Temple sacrifices, or else the agricultural produce of the Land of Israel (such as terumah). A notable gift which is given even in the Jewish diaspora is the five of the pidyon haben ceremony.
Those vestments which were common to all priests were:
The vestments that were unique to the high priest were:
A priest would serve barefoot in the Temple, and would immerse in a mikvah before vesting, and wash his hands and his feet before performing any sacred act. The Talmud teaches that priests were only fit to perform their duties when wearing their priestly vestments, Zevachim 17b and that the vestments achieve atonement for sin, just as korbanot do. Zevachim 88b
According to the Talmud, the wearing of the Priestly golden head plate atoned for the sin of arrogance on the part of the Children of Israel (B.Zevachim 88b) and she also symbolizes that the high priest bears the lack of all the offerings and gifts of the sons of Israel. And it must be constantly on his head for the good pleasure of God towards them ().
Following the destruction of the Second Temple, and the displacement to the Galilee of the bulk of the remaining Jewish population after the Bar Kokhba revolt, Jewish tradition in the Talmud and poems from the period record that the descendants of each priestly watch established a separate residential seat in towns and villages of the Galilee, and maintained this residential pattern for at least several centuries in anticipation of the reconstruction of the Temple and reinstitution of the cycle of priestly courses. In subsequent years, there was a custom of publicly recalling every Shabbat in the synagogues the courses of the priests, a practice that reinforced the prestige of the priests' lineage.Robert Bonfil, Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, Brill: Leiden 2012, p. 42 Following this destruction, it seems that most of them joined the Synagogal Jewish movement; before being gradually converted towards Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.
A kohen may become disqualified from performing his service for a host of reasons, including Tumah, prohibited marriages, and certain physical blemishes. The kohen is never permanently disqualified from service, but may return to his normal duties once the disqualification ceases.
These special roles have been maintained in Orthodox Judaism, and sometimes in Conservative Judaism. Reform Judaism does not afford any special status or recognition to kohanim.
Rape poses an especially poignant problem. The pain experienced by the families of kohanim who were required to divorce their wives as the result of the rapes accompanying the capture of Jerusalem is alluded to in this Mishnah:
Orthodox Judaism recognizes these rules as still binding, and Orthodox rabbis will not perform a marriage between a kohen and a divorced woman. This is the attitude of the Israeli rabbinate, with the result that a kohen cannot legally marry a divorced or converted woman in the State of Israel. (However, if such a marriage were performed outside Israel, it would be recognized as a valid marriage by the Israeli state. Civil Marriage in Israel)
Conservative Judaism has issued an emergency takanah (rabbinical edict) temporarily suspending the application of the rules in their entirety, on the grounds that the high intermarriage rate threatens the survival of Judaism, and, hence, that any marriage between Jews is welcomed. The takanah declares that the offspring of such marriages are to be regarded as kohanim.;
The presumption of priestly descent is used to help identify kohanim.
Other Jews are commanded to respect the priesthood in certain ways. One of these ways is that priests (and in their absence, occasionally Levites) are the first offered the opportunity to lead Birkat Hamazon. Unlike the general rule for aliyot, this offer - which is only a requirement according to some Rabbinic opinions - may be declined. There are other rules regarding the honoring of kohanim, even in the absence of the Temple, but generally these are waived (if they are even offered) by the kohen.
In modern times, Orthodox and many Conservative rabbis maintain the position that only a man can act as a kohen, and that a daughter of a kohen is recognized as a bat kohen only in those limited ways that have been identified in the past. Accordingly, in Orthodox Judaism only men can perform the Priestly Blessing and receive the first aliyah during the public Torah reading.
However, some Conservative rabbis give the kohen's daughter equal priestly status to a (male) kohen. As a result, some Conservative synagogues permit a kohen's daughter to perform the Priestly Blessing and the Pidyon HaBen ceremony, and to receive the first aliyah during the Torah reading.
Because most Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist temples have abolished traditional tribal distinctions, roles, and identities on grounds of egalitarianism, a special status for a bat kohen has very little significance in these movements.
Since 1997, a number of genetic studies have been done on this topic, using testing data from across sectors of the Jewish and non-Jewish populations. The results of these studies have been interpreted by various parties as either confirming or disproving the traditions of uniform descent.
Names often associated with kohanim include:
In contemporary Israel, "Moshe Cohen" is the equivalent of "John Smith" in English-speaking countries – i.e., proverbially the most common of names.
The Priestly Blessing was used by Leonard Cohen in his farewell blessing during "Whither Thou Goest", the closing song on his concerts. Leonard Cohen himself was from a kohen family. He also used the drawing of the Priestly Blessing as one of his logos.
Ancient roles
Laws and duties
Priestly duties involved offering the Temple Korban, and delivering the Priestly Blessing. When the Temple existed, most sacrifices and offerings could only be conducted by priests. Non-priest Levites (i.e. those who descended from Levi but not from Aaron) performed a variety of other Temple roles, including Shechita of sacrificial animals, song service by use of voice and musical instruments, and various tasks in assisting the priests in performing their service.
Vestments
The Torah provides for specific vestments to be worn by the priests when they are ministering in the Tabernacle: "And you shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother, for dignity and for beauty". These garments are described in , and . The high priest wore eight holy garments ( bigdei kodesh). Of these, four were of the same type worn by all priests and four were unique to the high priest.
In addition to the above "golden garments", the high priest also had a set of white "linen garments" ( bigdei ha-bad) which he wore only for the Yom Kippur Temple service. The linen garments were only four in number, corresponding to the garments worn by all priests (undergarments, tunic, sash and turban), but made only of white linen, with no embroidery. They could be worn only once, new sets being made each year.
Torah instruction
Numerous Biblical passages attest to the role of the priests in teaching Torah to the people and in issuing judgment. Later rabbinic statements elaborate on these roles. However, the priest's religious authority is not automatic: even a mamzer who is a scholar takes precedence over an ignorant high priest.Mishnah Horayot 3:8
High Priest
In every generation when the Temple was standing, one kohen would be singled out to perform the functions of the High Priest (Hebrew kohen gadol). His primary task was the Yom Kippur service. Another unique task of the high priest was the offering of a daily meal sacrifice; he also held the prerogative to supersede any priest and offer any offering he chose. Although the Torah retains a procedure to select a High Priest when needed, in the absence of the Temple in Jerusalem, there is no High Priest in Judaism today.
Twenty-four kohanic divisions
According to , King David divided the priests into 24 priestly divisions (Heb. משמרות, mishmarot). Each division would perform the Temple service for one week in a 24-week cycle, with all divisions eligible to serve on holidays. According to the Talmud, this was an expansion of a previous division, by Moses, into 8 (or 16) divisions.Taanit 27a
Qualifications and disqualifications
Although kohanim may assume their duties once they reached physical maturity, the fraternity of kohanim generally would not allow young kohanim to begin service until they reached the age of twentyTalmud Bavli Hullin 24b, Mishneh Torah, Hilchoth Klei HaMiqdash 5:15 or thirty.; similar to Levites who began working at age 30 () There was no mandatory retirement age. Only when a kohen became physically infirm could he no longer serve.Mishneh Torah, Hilchoth Biath HaMiqdash 7:12, and Hilchoth Klei HaMiqdash 3:8 (Chullin 24b mentions no disqualification due to age)
Modern practice
Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Jewish priests have not performed sacrificial services. However, they have retained a formal and public ceremonial role in synagogue prayer services, along with certain unique religious duties and privileges. Following the First Jewish–Roman War, the priestly class relocated to Galilee and various Jewish diaspora communities, with their new places of residence recorded in inscriptions from the period. (2025). 9780300205831, Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300205831 Drawing on their knowledge of the Torah and Temple worship, they contributed to the development of Jewish liturgy and may have played a role in the preparation of biblical translations.
Synagogue aliyah
When the Torah reading is performed in synagogue, it is divided into a number of sections. Traditionally, a kohen (if one is present) is called for the first section ( aliyah), a Levite for the second reading, and an "Israelite" (non-kohen, non-levite) for all succeeding portions. If no Levite is present, the kohen is called for the second aliyah as well. The Maftir portion may be given to someone from any of the three groups.
Priestly blessing
The kohanim participating in an Orthodox and some other styles of traditional Jewish prayer service also deliver the priestly blessing during the repetition of the Amidah prayer.The text of this blessing is found in They perform this service by standing and facing the crowd in the front of the congregation, with their arms held outwards and their hands and fingers in a specific formation, with a Jewish prayer shawl or Talit covering their heads and outstretched hands so that their fingers cannot be seen. Kohanim living in Israel and many Sephardic Jews living in areas outside Israel deliver the priestly blessing daily; Ashkenazi Jews living outside Israel deliver it only on major Jewish holidays.
Pidyon haben (redemption of the firstborn)
Outside the synagogue, the kohen leads the pidyon haben ceremony. This redemption of the first born son is based on the Torah commandment, "all the first-born of man among thy sons shalt thou redeem".
Marital restrictions
prohibits marriage between a kohen and certain classes of women. According to [[rabbinic law|halakhah]], these classes include divorcees, non-Jews, converts (who were previously non-Jews), and women who have previously engaged in certain forbidden sexual relationships (even if involuntary, i. e., rape).[[Sefer Hachinuch]], 266-268 If a kohen did have relations with any of these women, the offspring are described as "profaned" (male: ''challal'', female: ''challalah''); their status is nearly identical to a normal Jew, while the ''challalah'' herself is one of the categories which a kohen may not marry.Yishma'el Tanuji Ha-Kohen, ''Sefer Ha-zikaron'', London 1974 (Hebrew)
If a woman were imprisoned by non-Jews concerning money affairs, she is permitted to her husband, but if for some capital offense, she is forbidden to her husband. If a town were overcome by besieging troops, all women of priestly stock found in it are ineligible to, but if they had witnesses, even a male or female slave, these may be believed. But no man may be believed for himself. Rabbi Zechariah ben Hakatsab said, "By this Temple, her hand did not stir from my hand from the time the non-Jews entered Jerusalem until they went out." They said to him: No man may give evidence of himself.Mishnah Ketubot 2:9
Other laws
To this day, kohanim keep the prohibition () against becoming ritually impure through proximity to a corpse (within the same room, at a cemetery, and elsewhere), except when the deceased is his immediate family member. Some Jewish cemeteries have special facilities to permit kohanim to participate in funerals or visit graves without becoming impure. The Kohen's Purity
Bat kohen
Kohen is a status that traditionally refers to men, passed from father to son. However, a bat kohen (the daughter of a priest) holds a special status in the Hebrew Bible and rabbinical texts. She is entitled to a number of rights and is encouraged to abide by specified requirements, for example, entitlement to consume some of the priestly gifts, and an increased value for her ketubah.
Genetics
Since the Y chromosome is inherited only from one's father (biological females have no Y chromosome), all direct male lineages share a common haplotype. Thus, if kohanim share a direct male lineage to Aaron, one would expect to see a high level of commonality among their .
Surnames
As both kohen status and (in many societies) last names are patrilineal, there is often a relationship between the two. But this is not always the case: although descendants of kohanim often bear surnames that reflect their genealogy, many families with the surname Cohen (or a variation) are not kohanim, nor even Jewish. Conversely, many kohanim do not have Cohen as a surname. What Does the Jewish Last Name Cohen Mean?
Outside Judaism
According to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, either "literal descendants of Aaron", or worthy Melchizedek priesthood holders have the legal right to constitute the Presiding Bishopric under the authority of the First Presidency (). To date, all men who have served on the Presiding Bishopric have been Melchizedek priesthood holders, and none have been publicly identified as descendants of Aaron. See also Mormonism and Judaism.
In popular culture
The positioning of the kohen's hands during the Priestly Blessing was Leonard Nimoy's inspiration for Spock Vulcan salute in the . Nimoy, raised an Orthodox Jew (but not a kohen), used the salute when saying, "Live long and prosper."
See also
Bibliography
External links
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